how many slaves were there in 1870

Federal Records U.S. Adjutant Generals Office: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), (SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State and living in County), JOHNSON, 33402, 1870, 133, 2773, 1789, 122, WILLIAMS, 28865, 2124, 188, 3049, 2007, 168. Digests after about 1930 may not include African-Americans who do not own real property. Around 1800 about half the population of Brazil consisted of slaves, but that percentage declined to about 33 percent in 1850 and to 15 percent after the shutting off of imports around 1850 combined with free immigration to raise the proportion of Europeans. enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves, and the transcriber, though not specifically looking 5 Roles (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231 /1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires WebAfter the Civil War, the decennial census questionnaires were reordered and redesigned to account for end of the "slave questionnaire." 500-999 acres. FORMER SLAVES. But what the statistics allow us to do is see how widespread it was. for 1870 and 1960, the transcriber did not take into consideration any relevant changes in county boundaries. obtained using Heritage Quests CD African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, Initially slaves were imported because of a labour shortage, aggravated by the high death rate of the indigenous population after the introduction of European diseases in the early 16th century. task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. Thanks so much for joining us. slaveholder. The data in my maps is drawn from the 1790 to 1860 Censuses compiled by the Minnesota Population Center, [National Historical Geographic Information System], version 2.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011). (This is all the more remarkable since many slaves fled to the British during the Revolutionary War.) during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from This animation shows the free African American population from 1790 to 1860. Between 1860 surname. It's just a steady drumbeat of violent oppression. https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2369, African American Library Directors in the USA, African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky, Shades of citizenship : race and the census in modern politics, Census and identity : the politics of race, ethnicity, and language in national census, Notable Kentucky African American (NKAA) Database. Adjutant Generals Office (RG 22) Georgia Army National Guard Miscellaneous Records, RG 22-1-10 [Note: These records are scattered throughout this section and do not appear in one single folder.] Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting Slave Voyages. U.S. Department of the Navy: Correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy Relating to African Colonization, 1819-1844. All rights reserved. E., 28 slaves, Harris page 200B, THOMAS, Jos. A full exploration of how slaves decided upon the surname by which they would become known as freedmen has never been completed. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The percentage of Southern families that possessed slaves was 30% in 1860. Image from the Library of Congress. 34 counties kept separate indenture registers: Baldwin, Campbell, Carroll, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clay, Clinch, Coweta, Dooly, Glascock, Haralson, Jackson, Laurens, Liberty, Lincoln, Madison, McDuffie, Meriwether, Mitchell, Monroe, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Polk, Pulaski, Putnam, Sumter, Taliaferro, Terrell, Thomas, Washington, Webster, Whitfield, and Wilkes. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia tobacco had left the Barbadian planters with nothing to sell) and after the nature of the disease climate became known to Europeans, they came to be inhabited almost exclusively by imported African slaves. B. Uzzle? ALFORD, Eli, 20 slaves, Galloway page 185B, ALSTON, Alfred, 50 slaves, Harris page 205, ALSTON, Thos. The rest of the slaves in the We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page. 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 The researcher should keep in mind that many churches in Georgia had both white and black members, and in some cases, slaves and/or freedmen were not allowed to have a separate church body. Manuscript collections are searchable in the book (GIL) catalog. SOURCES. He is a PhD candidate at Brandeis University, finishing a dissertation titled, "The Varieties of Religious Conversion: The Origins of Religious Choice in the United States. Advertising Notice The ideal entry-level account for individual users. ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. Cotton could be grown profitably on smaller plots than could sugar, with the result that in 1860 the average cotton plantation had only about 35 slaves, not all of whom produced cotton. According to a new five-volume compilation called Historical Statistics, the percentage of former slaves who said they couldn't read or write plummeted after emancipation. When looking at all of these maps together, it's noticable that even as the total number of enslaved peoples in the United States increased between 1790 and 1860, the multitudes were dispersed across the increasing expanse of the United States, rather than becoming more concentrated in areas where slavery was well established. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Records from these courts are available for 54 counties. The free white population in the North grew in already settled places and spread to the West. WebThough it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million enslaved people were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is Slaves 100 years of age or older were supposed to be named on the 1860 slave schedule, but there were only 1,570 slaves of SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. been counted in each County. S.?, 42 slaves, Harris page 211, FOSTER, Elizabeth, 50 slaves, Harris page 211B, FOSTER, Mariah, 24 slaves, Harris page 204, GILL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 212B, GREEN, Dr. These collections are available by denomination, by geographic location, and under the subject heading Afro-AmericansChurches & Synagogues. At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. An American Slave with M205. of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up Many of these that date prior to 1900 are available on FamilySearch.org. detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . Data last accessed in August 2020. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. Tobacco initially was the profitable crop that occupied most slaves in the Chesapeake. Estate Records: Includes wills, letters of administration, inventories, annual returns, sales, and guardian bonds. 1880 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. Estimates of the number of former slaves who Following the holder list is a list is a separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African No release date given in the source. Owner, J. H. Hughes employer, 57 slaves, page 452B, BROWNING, T. B. 15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. S., 75 slaves, Harris page 208B, HOLDEN, Benj., 34 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, HOLDEN, Richd., 21 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, JEFFREYS, Robt. ancestor not shown to hold slaves on the 1860 slave census could have held slaves on an earlier census, so those films can be D., 50 slaves, Harris page 203B, CRUDUP, E. A., 53 slaves, Dunns page 179, DAVIS, A. H., N. Massenburg Exr. Federal Census", available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . Negroeswas about 1.7 times more than what the colored population had been 100 years By the time of the next census, in 1870, slavery had been ended. Subsequently, Africans were transshipped to North America from the Caribbean in increasing numbers. W. & two others, W. Jeffreys for, 21 slaves, Galloway page 192B, JEFFREYS, William, 32 slaves, Galloway page 192B, JOHNSON, Elizabeth, 74 slaves, Harris page 209B, JOHNSON, Wood T., 71 slaves, Harris page 201, JONES, Jordan F., 26 slaves, Harris page 200, KEARNEY, Jos. slaveholder in each County. 1860 slaveholder. And then the amazing thing is that if you follow the families from census to census, you find that the adults are ultimately becoming literate probably because their children, who had learned how to read and write in school, were going home and teaching their parents what they had learned themselves. U.S. transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, And what they found was not that the Tuskegee figures were wrong, but that the Tuskegee figures were essentially correct, and this amazed some people because the Tuskegee figures were showing that there were as many as 120, 150 lynchings per year in the southern United States. the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own This schedule will help by identifying the details of your ancestors military service. Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Edgefield County, South Carolina census can check this list to learn if No other South Carolina County showed a significant increase. WebSlave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. You are the visitor to this page. By 1680 in Barbados the average plantation had about 60 slaves, and in Jamaica in 1832 about 150. (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). Owner Louisburg NC, Jesse Perry overseer,59 slaves, Galloway page During the reign of King Cotton, about 40 percent of the Southern population consisted of Black slaves; the percentage of slaves rose as high as 64 percent in South Carolina in 1720 and 55 percent in Mississippi in 1810 and 1860. 2 Rolls. 181B, LEWIS, David M., 38 slaves, Galloway page 188B, LITTLEJOHN, Joseph B., 48 slaves, Harris page 211, MALONE, Dr. Ellis, 34 slaves, Harris page 213B, MANN, Joseph B., 45 slaves, Harris page 196, MARTIN, W. K., 23 slaves, Franklinton page 180, MASSENBURG, N. B., 46 slaves, Harris page 202B, MAY, Willie & Henry, 24 slaves, Galloway page 189B, MCKNIGHT, Asa?, 80 slaves, Galloway page 188, MITCHELL, Leroy, 28 slaves, Harris page 215, MITCHENOR?, Festus, 30 slaves, Galloway page 185, MOON, Wm. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Accuracy and availability may vary. One such report is located at this Census Bureau page on Slavery. the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. Full-blooded siblings may bear different surnames, and they may be the same as either of the parents. of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. By 1870, freedmen and whites produced as much cotton as the South produced in the slave time of 1860. By It is possible to locate a free person on the Edgefield Other trial records may be integrated in the regular Superior Court minutes of other counties. Free Persons of Color Registers, 1780-1865: Registers usually include name, age, occupation (sometimes), property, and white sponsor. Unless your family was lucky enough to have lived in one of the few counties that survived, you will need to find an alternative means to trace your family. on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. County? Though thematic mapping had its origins in the 19th century, the technique is useful for understanding history in our own day. Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. "The History Guy" is a Registered Trademark. had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. One of the fundamental problems of history is scale: how can historians move between understanding the past in terms of a single life and in the lives of millions; within a city and at the bounds of continents; over a period of days and over the span of centuries? Shortly after the American Civil War (18611865) began in Virginia, African Americans established and taught in schools for Virginias freed people. We give all the sources so you can expand and add to it. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. 191, WILLIAMSON, Tempy, 72 slaves, Harris page 207B, YARBRO, Jas. colored persons from Edgefield County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); A banner on the map proclaims that it was "sold for the benefit of the Sick and Wounded Soldiers of the U.S. WebThe 1870 census: the first after emancipation As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African about 1 in 70 being a slaveholder. Based on the population statistics gathered in the 1860 Census, and certified by the superintendent of the Census Office, the map depicted the percentage of the population enslaved in each county. M858. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? stamped in the upper right corner of every other page of the census, with the intervening pages WebThe data collected are used to calculate the number of seats given to each state in the U.S. House of Representatives. If you find your ancestor by name in both census years, identified as a free African American, you are quite likely to be able to locate additional county records to provide more information. available through Heritage Quest at. Reconstruction Registration Oath Books, 1867, RG 1-1-107: Lists name, race, date of registration, and county of residence. This page has been viewed 13,839 times (38 via redirect). Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the Morrow, GA 30260 In, Slave Voyages. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',322,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-3-0');An American Slave with Scars from Whipping, Slaves as a Percentage of the U.S. Population. In South Carolina in 1860 there were 482 farms on this list is beyond the scope of this transcription. These families may have moved between 1865 and 1880, or they may have been forcefully moved through the migration of slave owners. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Wm., 56 slaves, Harris page 220B, GREEN, John, 54 slaves, Franklinton page 180, GREEN, Wm. slightly lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and would have In one case, the Tuskegee Institute's figures on lynching were in question. M160. Because Kentucky did not secede from the Union, Kentucky slaves were freed by the ratification of the 13th Amendment. Historian Steven Deyle estimates "that between 1820 and 1860 at least 875,000 American slaves were forcibly removed from the Upper South to the Lower South." WebIn 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. Richard Theodore Greener Below are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. D., 36 slaves, Franklinton page 183B, STAMPER, M. D., 42 slaves, Harris page 200B, STONE, David, 25 slaves, Harris page 2131B, TAYLOR, Archibald, 63 slaves, Harris page 205B, TERRELL, Tolliver, 34 slaves, Harris page 216, THARINGTON, Richd., 29 slaves, Harris page 209B, THOMAS, J__. pages without a stamped number. Some collections are available in original format, while others are available solely on microfilm. Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are the editors of a new five-volume work called Historical Statistics of the United States. Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. African American slaves had been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 or by the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865. Slaves were Windward Coast: Liberia, Cte d'Ivoire Use the now-familiar process to attempt to locate your ancestor by name in the 1860 population schedule. idea of the surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. Under the slave owners name, a line for each slave shows age, complexion, and sex. The data collected are used to calculate the number of seats given to each state about half of those living in the southern States. indexes almost always do not include the slave census. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 changed the situation, and thereafter cotton culture created a huge demand for slaves, especially after the opening of the New South (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas). Slavery generated profits comparable to those from other investments and was only ended as a consequence of the War Between the States. Abraham Lincoln consulted it throughout the Civil War. Slaves were of varying importance in Mesoamerica and on the South American continent. Plantation names were not shown on the census. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. Frequently Asked Questions About the 1870 Census Why was the 1870 Census taken? Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions Most notable in this collection are the WPA surveys of cemeteries, church records, county records, various publications, manuscript collections and the surveys of other states. 1870s-1900s, General Assembly (RG 37) Summary Committee Reports, RG 37-8-35 [Example: Report of the American Negro Study Committee, 1970]. PURPOSE. In 1860, the eighth census counted 3,953,760. Who was the first African American to graduate from Harvard? 5800 Jonesboro Road WebSUMMARY. Many records for African Americans were kept separately from other records and maintained with less vigor, leading to some record loss. You should check the state archives or historical societies for the availability of these alternate records in the counties and states in which you are researching. All rights reserved. 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall | Where the Coast Survey map showed one measure, the interactive map shows the population of slaves, of free African Americans, of all free people, and of the entire United States, as well as each of those measure in terms of population density and the percentage of the total population. can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number Even worse, during this period, many African Americanssome using surnames for the very first timechanged their surnames once or even several times. names to locate ancestors can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been Copyright 2006 NPR. can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Ordinary records. Should statues of slaveholders be taken down? County were held by a total of 501 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included Of the many excellent histories of American slavery, see one of these: on the settlement of the Mississippi River valley, Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013); on the life of slaves, Erskine Clarke, Dwelling Place: A Plantation Epic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005); on the history of slavery generally, Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003). West Central Africa: Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of the Congo enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. Before presuming an African American January 1, 2020. Ms. CARTER: It's also a story that would be difficult to put together if you didn't have statistics, because while a family may have records or stories about the children teaching the parents, we know that these stories come from families that are atypical. of that County on which they were listed. The transcriber did not notice any such slaves in the course of The U.S. Census is usually the starting point for any genealogical research, as (theoretically) all residents of the United States were counted or enumerated. publication of slaveholder names beginning with the largest holders will enable naming of the Other records that list residents in an area are often described as census substitutes. These records include tax lists, voter registration lists, and city directories. States that saw significant increases in colored population Witheach county labeled with the exact percentage of people enslaved, the map demanded some closer examination. In the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Federal Censuses, African Americans were Slave Schedules, 1850 and 1860: On these separate Slave Schedules for 1850 and 1860, the name of each slave owner is listed with the number of slaves owned, and number of slaves manumitted (if any). This region had had a long history of providing enslaved people for the Islamic trans-Saharan trade. In 1862, during the Civil War, President Abraham Finally, the dynamics of the free African American population looked more like the free white population than the slave population. the upper right corner of every set of two pages, with the previous stamped number and a "B" being used to designate the This By 1850 nearly two-thirds of the plantation slaves were engaged in the production of cotton. [Example: In Lester Maddoxs files, there are such subject headings as Augusta Riot, 1967-70, Black Panthers and School Desegregation.]. 38% of what the colored population had been 100 years before.) Statista. To check a master surname list for other States Plantation names were not shown on the census. Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. The page numbers used are the numbers rubber Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/, Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866, Change in GDP in the U.S and European countries 1929-1938, United States: historical total unemployment and unemployment rate 1890-1988, Total imports, total exports, and trade balance of the U.S. 1790-1970, United States: annual number of banks and thrifts 1920-1935, United States: value of commercial and savings bank deposits 1920-1940, Dow Jones: average and yearly closing prices 1915-2021, Dow Jones: annual change in closing prices 1915-2021, Great Depression: Dow Jones monthly change over presidential terms 1929-1937, Worst days in the history of Dow Jones Industrial Average index 1897-2022, Best years in the history of Dow Jones Industrial Average index 1897-2022, Worst years in the history of Dow Jones Industrial Average index 1897-2022, S&P 500 performance during major crashes as of August 2020, Change in industrial production in the U.S and European countries 1929-1938, Interwar period: industrialization index in selected European countries 1925-1938, Average weekly earnings in manufacturing industries in the U.S. 1914-1969, Nonagricultural employment in the United States 1900-1943, United States: number of strikes and workers involved 1881-1975, Industrial recovery after the Great Depression in select European countries 1928-1938, Increase in European import tariffs during the Great Depression 1927-1931, Interwar period: manufacturing index in selected American countries 1923-1944, Increase in Europe's agricultural tariffs during the Great Depression 1927-1931, Index of agricultural wages in the United States 1818-1948, Net income of farm operators in the United States 1910-1941, United States: arable crop output 1866-1988, United States: net migration of farm population 1921-1970, Wheat exports of the U.S., Canada, and Argentina 1852-1988, Federal share of relief spending in the U.S. during the Great Depression 1932-1940, Great Depression: annual benefits compared to manufacturing wages U.S. 1933-1940, Present-day countries in the British Empire 1600-2000, People's opinion on the current state of their country's former colonies in 2019, People's opinion on their country hypothetically still having an empire in 2019, Increase in hourly wages in the US during the Spanish Flu Pandemic 1900-1928, Level of pride relating to former empires in select countries in 2019, Which event from the 1970s people would most want to witness firsthand 2013, Share of women at boardroom level in the Philippines 2010-2015, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean islands.

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