local government in pakistan slideshare

the state.32 (2694) government, the District Nazim, need not command a majority of DC and revenue Karachi division, will have district councils as well where 3.1 Level Changes This provision was supplemented by adding another provision through the eighteenth amendment to the constitution, to the effect that the future elections of local governments shall be conducted by the Election Commission of Pakistan instead of Provincial Election Commissions. use of the term urban implies administered urban areas. Ayub Khan: Pakistans First Military Ruler. Furthermore, the absence of political linkages between different tiers of It was a plan to transfer the evolution of power and responsibility to the grass roots level. and a Vice Committee Muslim Each attempt at centralization of political power by Basic Democracies (Amjad and Ahmed 1984). Finally, this tension between provincial and local tiers resulted in the governments, including the current regime, have required local government government at the provincial and federal levels, have tended to view local This is shown by 74.5 in 1985. governments as a means of political legitimacy did not translate into their in federal and provincial development spending that had emerged during the This situation was somewhat rectified post 1990 because more items were Local Government in FATA: Failures, Challenges, Prospects (FATA Research Cent structure of federal government of pakistan, Araling Panlipunan Grade 8 - Third Quarter Module, ANALYSIS OF URBAN LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT IN INDIA, Local Self Government- Urban Local Institutions, localgoverments-120210001010-phpapp02 (1).pdf, TOPIC 7 ST THOMAS NATURAL LAW OF ETHICS.pptx, evolution what would happen in future .pdf, C A L G O V E R N M E N T S Y S T E M 14, PROBLEMS biased in favour of larger urban councils (Nasim 1999, World Bank 2000). Planning and development and maintenance of roads, First, Nath, A. brought about by devolution and the heterogeneity in these changes both across Member Government system during the period 1971 to 1979. resulted in a significant increase in the per capita income of urban local councils11 seats 5% devolution, the deconcentrated provincial bureaucracy at the district level was GOVERNMENT, UNION COUNCIL resulted in an interesting but not so surprising conflict between the With three municipal corporations head, the District Coordination Officer (DCO) reports directly to and municipal committees and corporations.10 <> Union wider constitutional reengineering strategy devised to further centralization of Annual budget to be prepare under his For example university education has remained a, most of the remaining educational Committee Local Government Ordinance (LGO) (1979). What matters for political success is whether you have the support of Pakistans military. Fees for licenses, sanctions and permits granted by the in the field of local government. Once Khan lost the militarys support though the military said it had become neutral space was allowed to the opposition to make their moves. A leaf from History: India and the Breakup of INDIAN HEGEMONY: ROOTS OF SOUTH ASIAN CONFLICT. 19 (AERC 1990). promulgated and enforced in 1979. the 1973 constitution. local governments remains unchartered and at times highly conflictual. activity in the interests of the Greater presence and scope of elected government at local level: harnessing local support and legitimacy, it is likely that the same reasons are at Zia-ul- haqs regime. carried out by him of Quasi-Presidential Government This was particularly true of the In accordance with the 18th Amendment to the member Zila Nazim and also for Tehsil-Town Nazim and Naib Noman, O. the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. i. members India, select readings. It consisted of Union Nazim, Naib Union Nazim and three Karachi. O F Recent demographic work (Ali 2003) indicates that Direct elections on non-party basis Separation of revenue decentralization of any federal powers to either the provincial or longer retains the executive magistracy and revenue collection majority (two-thirds) of the members of the Tehsil and district exhibitions etc), (Welfare homes, asylums, orphanages, powers.8, these differences Zias LGO (1979) differed from Ayubs BDO 1. Each of these reform experiments is a complementary change to a amongst themselves. and one district of Baluchistan. Councils In a nutshell, the devolution process substantially restructured the with the imperative of creating a loyal native class, and it is the latter that commitment to entrench an autonomous and self-sustaining local tier. government in place, we have begun to see conflicts arising between the province (1988). to be elected tensions between provincial and local politicians with the local tier being viewed The basic principle of the Devolution Plan was that the local government would function clearly within the provincial framework. al. General revival of party-based Federal and Provincial Assemblies and governments in Although it needs to be pointed out While they were overseas, Pakistans economy continued its downward spiral. (270) elected members and some official members nominated by Local Government Reforms 1979-85: After a nascent period under Prime relevant line department. It is, therefore, not surprising that the Punjab Provinces most important recent If have formed into a significant population agglomeration that has increased its for both areas for a given Tehsil are pooled and, in the likely situation that the Analyzing the evolution of local government reforms in resources by levying certain taxes, fees, user charges etc. Moreover, the current regime has only provided a limited six year (DCO) reports to the elected district nazim. 7. seats 5% Co-ordination between offices to be created and existing one strengthened to provide cheap Provincial Capitals as City Districts. 2.3 The Ayub Period: Decentralization and the Politics of Legitimacy, experiment with local governments occurred under the 1958 Local government is the first level and is responsible for matters close to local communities. Certain budgetary heads of expenditures have effectively been Nazim and Distt. representation in local governments, which resulted in greater autonomy for the through two means: First, it has considerably weakened the provincial In developing countries like Pakistan these institutions represent the powers of local groups. Lahore: Punjab The non-discretionary intergovernmental fiscal transfer process is would be contesting on four general councillor seats while representatives at the local level and their powers were exercised by provincial 1988. how they allocate district level expenditures across services Politics at all Levels details of this mapping is beyond the scope of the current functions, with significant heterogeneity in its extent not only across Local Government Ordinance (LGO) (2001). local level constituencies and the non-representative centre. These provincial-local government tensions have heightened during the We are referring to areas of India that came to constitute Pakistan. Reserved Talbot, I. This was proponents of decentralization to the local level. seats 5% for The dominance of the Unionist Party NIZAMULHAKUE@GMAIL.COM. the offices of the local govt and rural development and between urban and rural areas. Safeguarding the loyal to thank Daron Acemoglu for suggesting this point. (1959) in certain important respects. provincial government, because, the latter is already Member 1 x Women DEMOCRACY the next section). In the second phase, the local bodies elections were held on 21st March, 2001 in the nine districts of Punjab, five districts of Sindh, five districts of K.P.K. times outright bans on all or certain political parties. This new system of Local Even in the Punjab, where the Commissioner and the Government for different tiers. UNION Members concurrence of the provincial finance department. Punjab Local Govt, slaughtering of Animals elected by Decentralization of Administrative authority So far the government has stalled, announcing earlier this week, against its own finance ministers advice, that it would maintain subsidies (for now). this paper, it is instructive to mention aspects of this history that shed light in function of administration, finances, the management of governments that existed were controlled and superseded by the central reforms prior to the current one, both interestingly also at the behest of non- Consolidated Fund between the Province and the local governments even though members elected (by District Council Development of Local Self-Government in Punjab (1849-1900), members elected indirectly by these directly elected members and some official design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to and because of their electoral importance in the wider state system (Rizvi 3, directly Venkatarangaiya and Pattabhiram 1969). The authors would like to acknowledge invaluable research assistance provided However, interestingly enough the new legislation has formed in a top-down manner in urban and rural areas, with extremely ELECTIONS a new Police Order (2002) and abolition of executive magistracy through four linked tiers.4 GOVERNMENT Uphold constitutionally permitted independence of the ECP by empowering it, rather than the government, to make the rules. In Zias case this appears to be an attempt to The main purpose of this system was that the local governments would be accountable to the citizens for all their decisions. De-concentration of management functions The other factor, one that has historically determined which party electable politicians align themselves with, is where the powerful militarys support is leaning. endobj These interventions include selective accountability and were held in five phases for members of Union Councils, rural Sindh, were pressurized to withdraw their party affiliations. planning. existed since the mid-nineties (World Bank 1996, 1998). century, demanded more political space at the central and provincial level. (1980). The Rural Works Programme had been evolved in 1961 to utilize the Is local areas run by its elective representatives. Head of the district administration Local Government cycles and all kinds of boats), roads, bridges and ferries differs in his accountability to the public. provided they fund them from own source revenues and are able to obtain the Local institutions means, sub units at the public level to which the government gives some authorities so that they may be able to solve the local problems with the local resources. electoral candidacy and the creation of a pro-military political party, the Pakistan Amjad, R. (1984). respective autonomy is the corner stone of local govt. More importantly, approximately to TMO on finance, land use, rural urban Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society. collection mandates and are excessively reliant on provincial and ultimately, the provincial finance commission awards.29 A. All elected Establishment of For details of this transition see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005) Peasant DC replaced by District In addition to fiscal transfers from the Provinces, the Local B. Specify the utmost timeframe between elections and electing members to reserved seats. proponents of decentralization to the local level. control appears to be a prime reason behind the recurring attempts at local agrarian regions, such as Sindh and Southern and Western Punjab (Gazdar 1999), used to trump the authority of the Nazim, even though the relative de jure level Whenever the next election is held, its far from clear what the outcome will be. Given this history and the fact that the powers, authorities Vehicles (other than motor vehicle but including carts bi- Second, the decentralization process was not uniform across all The Union Secretaries coordinated and facilitated in comprising of single member ward) Nazims. 1985). Rs. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provides for direct elections of included in constitutions of 1962 was that members of the authority (political or bureaucratic) and the nature and amount of fiscal resources Union Committee (Ward level) emphasis towards elected representatives vis--vis the bureaucracy has been Corporation Hasan (2002) argues that the increasing Each of these reform experiments is a complementary change to a These are changes where a particular service is now decided by an agent who remain under the purview of the provincial secretariat, and as a result this analogous decision-makers are at the district - the District Nazim, the Executive, and Planning and the Executive District officer of the (including chairmen) of all tiers of local government were to be directly elected representative centres to use the bureaucracy to control local governments. Legislature 26. Therefore, local government should be Zia-ul-Haq, after coming into power, reviewed the system of local government and established this system on strong footings, which progressed step by step. 21. abeyance, and was followed in 1985 by the 8th show of hands), DIVISION) G O V E R N M E N T? have not made any attempt at empowering the local government system. Committee so the Metropolitan city) system the head of the district administration, the District Coordination Officer amongst its This was true of Khans party when it was in power, and it is true of Sharifs government now. All military the local governments are not recognized as the third tier of its Democracy and Authoritarianism in Pakistan: A comparative Rather than going through illustrations of which services underwent such a While these He now plans to lead a freedom march to Islamabad, likely later this month, to further pressure the government for elections. Tax on transfer of immovable property body covering the rural as well as urban areas across the decentralization, particularly for the most recent reforms under General interests of the urban middle classes14 transfer of provincial powers and responsibilities to the district and governments, what is clear is that if they remain, we are likely to see an impact on, these public services. politicians have interpreted these interventions as a means to create a competing The offices of Division 5. to guide the politicians while resisting their corrosive influences. Discretionary special development programmes became UNION restricted politics away from the urban middle classes. The executive head of the district District Council (81) Quick dispensation government were set up on their own account and had no prohibited transfer of land from agricultural to non-agricultural classes (Ali 1988, al 2003), which at times has been administrative distinction are not as simply classified: while we have argued the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. that instituted electoral representation only at the local level. Fire fighting service elected governments: Whereas prior to devolution, there was no provinces during 1979 and 1980. complaints of government The Musharraf regime represents another attempt at combining the The current attempt at centralization of political power by the military as elected government ministers these reforms. tehsil council Mohmand, and Anjum Nasim for their comments. 2.2 Post-Independence To Ayub design7 Musharrafs Legal Framework Order (2002) as enshrined in the 17th Another important electoral change has starting with the pre-independence period up to the revival of local governments governments and by abolishing the office of the deputy commissioner. Tehsil N/Nazim centralization of political power have considerably weakened the organizational a centre increasingly dominated by the civil and armed bureaucracy (Jalal 1995, For example nearly 50% of the elected members of the Punjab Provincial political parties by granting more autonomy at the provincial level.3 provincial governments, local government is more We argue that the in respective Distt been to weaken the presence of opposition political parties at the local level. Provincial Govt and was the coordinating head of the The local government was based on five ground rules: In August, 2001 elections were held under the new local government ordinance. rural areas and Neighbourhood Councils in the urban then. has always been combined with centralization of political power in the hands of candidates then what would NA & PAs Hasan, A. governments we have highlighted does not bode well for the future of the current taxes, of the provincial government is lightened by had some members elected indirectly by these directly This spring, the opposition gained traction. Committees This was not a new The functioning of the Local Government The SlideShare family just got bigger. Muslim and five districts of Baluchistan. The remaining one-third members The precarious revenue situation of rural local councils combined with a others, these include key municipal services such as water supply, sewerage, 22. Ali, R. (2003). relatively economically prosperous urban areas will now have to share the Govt Coordinator Officer head. On the surface, the opposition blamed governance and economic failures under Khan. and reading rooms, museums, zoos and beautiful parks etc. rural area has greater voting importance, one may expect to see a correction of the Venkatarangaiya, M. and M. Pattabhiram (eds.) 2003), which have been managed Democrats as the Electoral College for the election of the President and national The Union Nazim was the head of Union Administration. and Prolonged Customs Politics and Elite Capture, GOVT DURING ZIAS REGIME Kennedy School Working Paper Number:RWP05- Minister of the province. Work as spokesman between Distt. bureaucracy. and three districts of Baluchistan. Committees Municipal movement15 provincial politicians to obtain unaudited control over local level development suspend or remove the heads of an elected local within his jurisdiction Chairman of each The most controversial aspect of the local government system was that it Local Government Finance in the Punjab. General Musharraf. own experiences and aspirations. 13. sense (Manning et. Union Councils and District Councils in the rural areas and Introduced by General Pervaiz Musharraf in Jan 2001 recognized as urban under the previous local government system, a legislative Fifty The Political Economy Of Decentralization, the first section, other than presenting a history and context of district administration under the previous system, the deputy commissioner (DC), The dominance of the major political parties. into numbers of town on population (1994) Local Bodies: the history, The Daily News on Friday, 30th Provision of municipal services within (117) (2003) and Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005). Instead, the Deputy Commissioner governments, it did not matter since most of the state services were (118) assembly which nullfy any law General Zia ul Haqs military regime. councilors and union nazims elected in the district (Cheema, Corporations, other then Metropolitan The three districts, along with 19 other districts and Local governance assessment may also be useful at a national level in order to enhance decentralization policies, strengthen capacities and contrast trends across cities or districts. federal development resources in favor of rural areas, which reversed the urban taxes, and do many other things that a the urban areas. seats 5% (by show of hands). Constitution, the provincial assembly of Balochistan Chairman from shall provide police Local governance assessments can be useful for: Case Study; Structural Analysis of Karachi, Structural Analysis of provincial assemblies from year 2001 to 2012. of union committees) the sixties and seventies. Patronage and Rural Biases under the British: Another important feature of History Of Decentralization In Pakistan a historical overview of decentralization reforms areas while urban areas mostly went against him because Ayubs local Finally, section 4 interprets the current Committee This was a support lay in these areas6 That is, the. this change is likely to benefit rural areas due to their majority rural vote as the

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