A-40. ), Table A-1. Analyzing the unit's current location in relation to future Just because the report you receive says you have legal weather, don't always assume it is accurate. What is the potential for chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear contamination? Where can I destroy the enemy? Where will the enemy be unable to concentrate fires? He determines how the weather will affect the visibility, mobility, and survivability of his unit and that of the enemy. Offensive considerations the leader can include in his evaluation of avenues of approach: A-46. Assessments regarding on-order and be-prepared missions. Leaders identify all constraints the OPORD places on their units' ability to execute their missions. This was certainly not an isolated incident in country. The unit's decisive operation always focuses at the decisive point, and always accomplishes the unit's purpose. NSF requires a biographical sketch for each individual identified as senior personnel. A-42. When possible, the observer conducts a ground reconnaissance from both enemy and friendly perspectives. A-62. Near the ground, high winds increase turbulence and may inhibit maneuver. In order to make the creation of COA diagrams eortless for the user, interaction must occur eortlessly and the interface should be invisible to the user. The unit has the technical and tactical skills and resources to accomplish the COA, with available time, space, and resources. What terrain has higher headquarters named as key? It was a familiar mission; a flight of two UH-60Ls were to fly a five-and-a-half-hour ring route under night vision goggles. A-71. Leaders understand their second higher up concepts of the operation. The decisive point does not simply restate the unit's essential task or purpose; it defines how, where, or when the unit will accomplish its purpose. Air density decreases as temperature and humidity increase. Conclusions include at least the following : Obstacles Determine where events will occur that differentiate between EN COAs (these become NAIs) 4. What are the enemy's likely counterattack routes? How obvious are these positions to the enemy? Other systems? A-59. This often becomes a union of resources and specialized capabilities. It can do this by masking the target or by reducing overhead clearance. How do civilian considerations affect the operation? Although the battle captain knew the environmental conditions, he told us we had legal weather and expected us to accomplish the mission. Mission analysis answers the four questions of the leader's visualization: The following video explains step 3 of the Troop Leading Procedures. The operations purpose usually matches or achieves the purpose of the immediate higher headquarters. Limited planning time forces leaders to prioritize their terrain analyses. EENT, moonrise, moonset, and percentage of illumination. This then would restrict the unit's ability to mass the effects of combat power. A-82. This understanding makes it possible to exercise disciplined initiative. The impact on civilians. It was only then that I was able to look outside again. A-111. The refined product is a platoon situation template, a graphic showing how he believes the enemy will fight under specific operational conditions. Acceptable. How will each avenue of approach affect the rate of movement of each type force? This 3-page document outlines an individual's education and training, their appointments and positions, and other . Identifies how the enemy may potentially fight; the leader weighs the result of his analysis of terrain and weather against the higher headquarters situation template. Leaders must understand each groups perceptions about the United States, the Army, and specific units operating within that area. The concept of the operation describes how the leader envisions the operation unfolding, from its start to its conclusion or end state. They identify their headquarters tasks and purposes as well as their own contributions to this fight. OAKOC It was about a 20-minute flight and as we got closer, the dust storm worsened. Performance Knowledge Bases program is an example of an enabling tool towards that goal. He uses these factors, gained from his relational combat power analysis matrix, as his frame of reference in tentatively selecting the best COA. Consider all nonmilitary groups or institutions in the area of operation. Some temperature considerations include: A-65. The mission is always the first factor leaders consider and most basic question: What have I been told to do, and why? The platoon leader begins mission analysis when receiving the mission. This judgment call is unique to the specific METT-TC conditions the leader faces. A-21. I expressed my concern and some uneasiness about the situation because our crews had been caught in dust before and knew the consequences. Scenario Blueprint Examples. These tasks must be accomplished to achieve the subordinate units purpose. Template of enemy forces and essential weapon systems. Analysis of terrain answers the question: What is the terrains effect on the operation? One technique is to use the warfighting functions as a checklist to address every significant element the enemy brings to the fight. He does this analysis through war gaming or "fighting" the COA against at least one enemy COA. Based on the S-2s assessment and enemy's doctrine and current location, the leader must determine the enemy's capabilities. When the mission window passed, he canceled the mission. As the passengers boarded, I noticed a slight haze in the distance. Current activities, capabilities, and limitations are some of the information necessary to build situational understanding. Asset locations such as enemy command posts or ammunition caches. Critical events for each COA. The co-pilot turned the aircraft and started a climb in preparation for an emergency GPS recovery. With the preflight accomplished and the gear prearranged where we wanted it, we headed for the dining facility to grab dinner before our long mission. Even if it offers clear observation and fields of fire, it offers nothing if the enemy can easily bypass it, or if the selected course of action involves maneuver on a different avenue of approach. Where can I support the movement of a friendly force with mortar, medium machine gun, or Javelin? As addressed in step 1 of the TLP, time analysis is a critical aspect to planning, preparation, and execution. 6. . People How do I detect and, if desired, bypass the obstacles? 4. Will I attack toward the sunrise? Leaders prepare a graphic depiction of terrain to help explain their findings about the effects of terrain and weather on the mission. Risk assessment is the identification and assessment of hazards allowing a leader to implement measures to control hazards. Examples include mine fields (conventional and situational); antitank ditches; wire obstacles. To identify additional control requirements. Even if time is tight, the leader should allocate as much time as possible to factor, starting at the objective area, and analyzing other aspects of key terrain. MS200 Video lecture about Course of Action (COA) Sketch and Concept Statement The views expressed are those of the speaker and do not reflect the official policy or po MDMP: Course of Action. First, leaders consider TTP from doctrine, unit SOPs, history, or other resources to determine if a solution to a similar tactical problem exists already. Leaders look at the terrain, foliage, structures, and other features along avenues of approach (and on objectives or key terrain) to identify sites offering cover (protection from the effects of direct and indirect fire) and concealment (protection from observation). The leader should focus his efforts to develop at least one well-synchronized COA; if time permits, he should develop several. Decisive terrain. The time it takes to complete this is well worth the effort to ensure the command is aware of the increased risk involved. For example, if a battalion situation template identifies a platoon-size enemy element on the company's objective and squad-size enemy elements on the platoons objective, the leader, using his knowledge of both the enemy's doctrine and terrain, develops a situation template positioning squad-size battle positions, crew-served weapons positions, or defensive trenches. This information can be maintained in a checkbook-style matrix for use during COA development (specifically array forces). Likewise, he must understand enemy doctrinal objectives. The decisive point might be the event or action (with respect to terrain, enemy, or time, and generation of combat power) will ultimately and irreversibly lead to the unit achieving its purpose. Organizations of influence force the leader to look beyond preexisting civilian hierarchical arrangements. The leader must avoid unnecessary complicated mission command structures and maintain unit integrity where feasible. Offensive considerations when analyzing obstacles and restricted terrain: How is the enemy using obstacles and restricted terrain features? To determine conditions and resources required for success. Assigning areas of operations to subordinates lets the subordinates use their initiative and supports decentralized execution. Assumptions Courses of Action (COA) Refined COAs Potential decision points War-game results Initial assessment measures Update assumption Approved COA Adv/Disadvantages of each COA COA. To do this, they answer the five Ws . The leader then determines the tactical mission tasks for the decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations. COA Statement and Sketch Pajota's Guerillas' mission is to block off a mile of road through the use of road blocks on both sides of the highway bridge cross over Cabu Creek of an estimated 300 yards northeast from compound. Compile data from other bases and other crews to help your crew make an informed decision about your mission. Civil considerations generally focus on the immediate impact of civilians on operations in progress. Lost opportunity, such as movement across terrain severely restricts the speed of traverse. A-39. A-66. Relying on the technology rather than my senses, I transitioned inside to the instruments and noticed our nose starting to rise and our airspeed slowing. Categories of terrain, unrestricted terrain free of restrictions to movement, so no actions are needed to enhance mobility. Winds of sufficient speed can reduce the combat effectiveness of a force downwind as the result of blowing dust, obscurants, sand, or precipitation. For example, an armor heavy task force organized with three armor and one STEP 5 Complete the course of action by preparing a statement and sketch. For sustaining operations, it accomplishes the assigned purpose, which enables both the shaping and decisive operation (again, nested concept). Heavy snow cover can reduce the efficiency of many communication systems as well as degrade the effects of many munitions and air operations. I could barely see the ground. Determine the purposes to be achieved by the main and supporting. The leader ensures every unit in his command is employed, every asset is attached and adequate mission command is provided for each element. The leader goes past observing to application. Figure C-1 shows an example of the COA sketch and text (COA statement) that go with the OPFOR countertasks listed above. In developing the concept of the operation , the leader clarifies in his mind the best ways to use the available terrain and to employ the unit's strengths against the enemy's weaknesses. Which terrain provides bounding elements with cover and concealment while increasing lethality? Identify the essential communicators and formal and informal processes used to influence people. A-92. For armored forces, steep slopes, densely spaced obstacles, and absence of a developed road system characterize severely restricted terrain. After developing the COA, the leader analyzes it to determine its strengths and weaknesses, visualizes the flow of the battle, identifies the conditions or requirements necessary to enhance synchronization, and gains insights into actions at the decisive point of the mission. PPT MDMP Class (Military Decision Making Process) PowerPoint The normal cycle for an offensive mission is tactical movement, actions on the objective, and consolidation and reorganization. It also should give subordinates the maximum latitude for initiative. How will this affect friendly and enemy target acquisition? Whether it is set times for prayer, shopping or commuting, people follow patterns. Each COA the leader develops must be detailed enough to clearly describe how he envisions using all of his assets and combat multipliers to achieve the unit's mission-essential task and purpose. A-24. Then, they determine how those fit into their superiors concepts of the operation. It allows the platoon and squads to move with little hindrance. This appendix provides six examples to explain how scenario blueprints are designed and used. They need not analyze METT-TC in a particular order. Identifies the enemy's strength by unit. Will temperatures and humidity favor the use of nonpersistent chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear? See PAPPG Chapter II.D.2.h (i) for complete coverage on the content and formatting requirements for the biographical sketch. They must go beyond merely passing along the MCOO to their subordinate leaders and making general observations of the terrain such as "This is high ground," or "This is a stream." Once identified, risk must be reduced through controls. War gaming, depending on how much time is devoted to planning, provides. A-119. Military aspects of terrain OAKOC are used to analyze the ground. Analysis of troops and support answers the question: What assets are available to accomplish the mission? Defensive considerations the leader can include in his evaluation of avenues of approach: Key Terrain Search and attack operations are conducted by smaller, light maneuver units and air cavalry or air assault units in large areas. The first example, which describes the process in detail, is a continuation of the exercise design . The leader must assess what terrain is essential to mission accomplishment. However, the weather forecaster at our station did not agree with that assessment. Most missions and tasks can be accomplished in more than one way. War gaming helps the leader fully synchronize friendly actions, while considering the likely reactions of the enemy. Identify friendly strengths to exploit the enemy weakness. Seize, destroy, and neutralize are examples of tasks associated with an offensive operation. Immediate higher headquarters (one level up) mission, intent, and concept. Tactical risk is associated with hazards existing due to the enemy's presence. The need for control measures, such as checkpoints, contact points, and target registration points, aid in control, flexibility, and synchronization. 2. A-118. A-30. The leader identifies critical factors about cloud cover, including limits on illumination and solar heating of targets. This includes those personnel outside the area of operation whose actions, opinions, or political influence can affect the mission. A-102. The decisive point might orient on terrain, enemy, time, or a combination of these. A-108. What terrain is essential for communications nodes dictating the employment of digital communications equipment? Coordinating instructions to enhance execution and unity of effort, and to ease confusion between subordinate elements. Offensive considerations in analyzing observation and fields of fire include , A-55. At company level and below, leaders develop a graphic terrain analysis overlay. In all cases, the enemy's recent activities must be understood, because they can provide insight into his future activities and intentions. The following requirements follow the Figure 9-5 sample from FM 6-0. How will the terrain affect the employment of mortars, medium machine guns, and Javelin missiles? Time refers to many factors during the operations process (plan, prepare, execute, and assess). Instructions: The C634 course of action statement and sketch (COA S&S) is worth 20% of the overall C600 grade. Know who is in charge and who can influence and enable unit leaders to exercise governance and monitor security within a prescribed area. This characteristic addresses terrain analysis from a civilian perspective. COA statment and sketch Cover the; who (generic task organization), what (tasks), when, where, and why (purpose) for each subordinate unit. How can the enemy use each avenue of approach? area of operation as well as the doctrinal requirements for each specified task might reveal the implied tasks. A-22. Gaining complete understanding of the enemy's intentions can be difficult when his situation templates, composition, and disposition are unclear. Specified tasks also may be found in annexes and overlays, for example-- "Seize OBJ FOX. Battle, support by fire, and assault by fire positions. How can precipitation (or lack of it) add to the unit achieving surprise? Leaders must identify and understand tasks required to accomplish a given mission. A-83. Do not discuss this assignment or your answers with anyone other than a Department of Distance Education (DDE) instructor or your academic advisor Reconnaissance is critical in developing the best possible enemy scenario. If he has no mutually supporting mobility corridors, then a single mobility corridor might become an avenue of approach. The shaping operations purposes are nested to the decisive operation's purpose by setting the conditions for success of the decisive operation. Cloud cover affects ground operations by limiting illumination and solar heating of targets. If so, then they must decide how to adjust their plans to meet these new situations. Leaders must continually improve their situational understanding The two key elements are friendly forces information and priority intelligence requirements. This product is similar to the MCOO in it shows the critical military aspects of terrain. Prepare a COA statement and sketch (Decisive point, form of maneuver, and statement of each task to be accomplished) Write your mission statement using the 5Ws. Our pilot report, along with others, gave the forecaster more information to augment his observation. This assessment is largely subjective. Prepare COA Statements and Sketches Conduct a Course of Action Briefing. Most terrorists and insurgents depend on the support or neutrality of the civilian population to camouflage them. Given more time, they might analyze the remainder of their platoons area of operation and area of interest. A-56. Analysis of troops follows the same logic as analyzing the enemy by identifying capabilities, vulnerabilities and strengths. We also obtained a report from the battle captain concerning the weather situation at the destination airfield. Will wind speed cause obscurants to dissipate quickly? This is a demo of how to draw a COA Sketch as part of COADEV (Course of Action Development) for use briefing your Operations Order (OPORD) for MS200. These two products are the basis for paragraph 3 of the OPORD. The consequences of tactical risk take two major forms: A-105. In a time-constrained environment, a platoon leader typically develops only one COA. Biographical Sketch. (a) The decisive point method employs the following steps: Determine the decisive point and the results to be achieved there. The three types of tasks are specified, implied, and essential. Leaders also must determine if terrain is decisive. -Form of maneuver or type of defensive operation. Little effort is needed to enhance mobility, but units might have to zigzag or make frequent detours. Course of Move statement. The initial commander's intent describes the purpose of the operation, initial key tasks, and the desired end state. This additional information will assist the approval authority in making the final decision to accept the risk. On another mission, we were told we had legal weather, the forecaster reporting three miles visibility. Leaders should know the disposition, composition, strength, and capabilities of their forces one and two levels down. A-44. CBRN operations usually favor the upwind force. A good enemy COA tells a story. factors of the overall operations. FRAGORDs. A-53. The graphic depiction of terrain can be a photograph, overlay for a map sheet, or a terrain model. Analysis of civil considerations answers three critical questions, A-90. He also determines the sustainment aspects of the COA. Where can friendly forces conduct support by fire or assault by fire? A-109. The problem statement generated during problem framing communicates the commander's understanding of the problem or problem set upon which the organization will act. Complete. For armored forces, restricted terrain typically means moderate to steep slopes or moderate to dense spacing of obstacles such as trees, rocks, or buildings. If executed, the COA accomplishes the mission consistent with the higher commander's concept and intent. PREPARE COURSE-OF-ACTION STATEMENT AND SKETCH STEP 1 Development begins with the staff analyzing relative-force ratios. The population within a prescribed area of operation comprises several different groups, both ethnically and politically. A leader may take as much time as needed, while still adhering to the one-third/two-thirds rule. War gaming is the process of determining "what if?" Staff COA. Soon we had turned back and all the instruments were reading straight and level. Assess capabilities in terms of those required to save, sustain, or enhance life, in that order. Your browser does not support the video tag. In order to keep communication at a standstill, phone lines are cut connecting the outside to the camp before the attack. Some missions require a second briefing or the completion of another risk assessment. These capabilities should include reasonable assets the next higher element, or other higher enemy headquarters, may provide. The leader identifies critical conclusions about visibility factors such as light data, fog, and smog; and about battlefield obscurants such as smoke and dust. To identify friendly coordination requirements. A-91. Leaders analyze the enemy's dispositions, compositions, strengths, doctrine, equipment, capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable COA. Coa Statement And Sketch Example digitalpictures If the method isn't listed, select other. A situation template is a visual illustration of how the enemy force might look and act without the effects of weather and terrain. How will cloud cover affect unit operations at night? They try to keep their span of control between two to five subordinate elements. A-67. I kept an eye on the dust cloud and the instrument panel at the same time, which wasn't a good idea because I soon became disoriented. Where is the dead space in my area of operations? Key Term coa statement and sketch example; Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. Flexibility built into the plan by gaining insights into possible branches to the basic plan. Winds The terrain, however, may favor defending or attacking. The essential task is the mission taskit accomplishes the assigned purpose. Existing obstacles, natural include rivers; forests; mountains; ravines; gaps and ditches more than three meters wide; tree stumps and large rocks more than 18 inches high; forests with trees eight inches or more in diameter, with less than four meters between trees. A-37. Selecting of movement techniques and formations, to include when to transition to tactical maneuver. Array Forces He should be familiar with the basic characteristics of the units and platforms identified. Categories of terrain, severely restricted terrain which severely hinders or slows movement in combat formations unless some effort is made to enhance mobility. However, as time permits, he can develop as many COA, for comparison purposes, as time allows. Therefore, a secondary product of analysis of troops and support available should be an answer to the question:, how do I get help? Next, the leader analyzes relative combat power, generates options, arrays his forces, develops a CONOP, assigns responsibility, and prepares a COA statement and sketch. Cloud Cover A-114. 8. Template events and analyze them for their political, economic, psychological, environmental, and legal implications. Leaders analysis must determine the types of vehicles, Soldiers, and equipment the enemy could use against his unit. In common usage, especially when applied to lower military units, a mission is a duty or task assigned to an individual or unit. Many times, the spiritual leader is not necessarily the decision maker for a community, but the spiritual leader must approve the decision maker's actions.
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coa statement and sketch example